La formación del pueblo puertorriqueño / The formation of the Puerto Rican people - MANATÍ, Puerto Rico
The formation of the Puerto Rican people, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Description
“La formación del pueblo puertorriqueño” is a group of four statues erected in 2008 that decorate the town of Manatí's plaza. The first statue is a Taíno woman, the only female representation in the group, who wears jewelry on each of her limbs, a loincloth concealing her genitalia, and a long necklace that falls naturally over her chest. She is depicted carrying an Indigenous jar on her shoulder and holding a spherical cup also commonly associated with Taíno art. On the plaque below the statue, the word “INDÍGENA” is written. The descriptive plaque written by the mayor of Manatí reads that the process of colonization and the subsequent emergence of mixed racial groups was ‘facilitated’ by the colonizing Spaniards’ women-less venture across the transatlantic.
Plaque:
LA FORMACIÓN DEL PUEBLO PUERTORRIQUEÑO
The formation of the Puerto Rican people is the result of a process of racial mixing that began in pre-Columbian times and extends until the present.
At the moment of Discovery, our Island was inhabited by Taínos. The process of conquest brought as a consequence a considerable decrease of the Indigenous population.
The process of mixing was facilitated by the fact that the majority of the conquistadors made their journey across the transatlantic without women.
Although during the same period white slaves had been introduced, accompanied by free black people, it was not until the enslavement of Indigenous Peoples was prohibited that the introduction of black African slaves was authorized.
The sum of this new racial element defined the formation of the Puerto Rican people. From the 18th century a true process began to be outlined of social and economic differentiation that contributed to the formation of our “Puerto Rican” people, placing major importance to national identity over racial classification.
Hon. Juan Aubín Cruz Manzano
2009
The white Spaniard is fully clad with a seemingly important officer’s attire, complete with a helmet, weapon, shield and a Christian cross. Besides the “BORICUA”, the “ESPAÑOL” (as his descriptive plaque reads) is the only clothed individual. Held in comparison to the other naked or otherwise humble appearances of Puerto Rican “roots”, the Spaniard is meant to represent the arrival of civilization and progress. On the other hand, the “AFRICANO” stands with a shovel in his hand and a pair of rolled-up work slacks. Finally, the “BORICUA”, the result of these three influences, is cast in jíbaro attire with a few accessories: button up shirt, slacks, a hat, an umbrella, and a book. Practical apparel for a man that is cultured, hardworking, and civilized.
Context:
The statues, made by Michael Mancini and Milan Stevcic in 2008, represent the social and cultural narrative of the mixed races in Puerto Rico as the formulation of the Island’s national identity. El ‘Criollo’ or el ‘jíbaro’, the African slave, the white Spaniard, and an Indigenous woman constitute the alleged formula for Puerto Rican national, cultural and racial identity. Although significant figures like Eugenio María de Hostos and Alejandro Tapia y Rivera epitomized their resistance to Spanish colonialism through the romanization of Taíno heritage, the conception of the racial triad came later with the founding of the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture in 1952. “[S]ince its inception,” argues Arlene Dávila, “the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture served as the main disseminator of the blending myth in Puerto Rico.” To read more about the IPC and the history of the blending myth, check out our post on José Buscaglia’s Fuente de la herencia de las Américas in San Juan: LINK.
Critique
“Puerto Rico is often portrayed as a paradise where a diaspora of races and cultures live together in perfect harmony and where race is seen as subordinate to national and cultural identity.” - Cruz-Janzen, Marta I.
Docile and sensual, the naked female Taína statue, accompanied by the civilized and proud Spaniard, perpetuates the local imaginary that Puerto Rico’s racial diversity was a result of passive intermingling between colonizer and Indigenous groups on the Island. Presenting our Indigenous roots in the form of a woman is significant, acknowledging gendered subvergence as a tool of coloniality. The suggestive naturalness of her femininity, highlighted by the necklace that frames her breasts, emphasizes this process. Moreover, it recalls the mass sexual violations that occurred in order to produce the racial diversity we see today. However, the descriptive plaque reduces the colonization of Puerto Rico, subsequent genocidal erasure and mass rape, as well as the enslavement of thousands of black Africans, to a tranquil process of racial and ethnic intermingling, eased by the lack of Spanish, white wives on the Island.
In stark contrast to the nakedness and vulnerability of the Taíno statue, the representation of the Spaniard as a polished, armed individual is a problematic embodiment of the white savior complex. In the midst of native roots and African influences, the Spaniard implies culture and refinement. Such images promote colonial inferiority complexes that stem from believing oneself to be incompetent and inadequate. Racism stemming from European colonization, and later from the United States, is largely due to this type of reasoning. “It entails both conscious and unconscious acceptance of the fictitious superiority of Whites coupled with the fictitious inferiority of all others, with Blacks and Indians at the bottom” (Cruz-Janzen, 2003; Román, 2002).
The statue of the “AFRICAN” is similar to the “INDIGENA” as their attire equates their role in the blending myth. In this case, they are the hand of labor. The “blending myth” dismisses the complex and violent history of oppression that people of color experienced and continue to experience on the Island;
“Scholars have pointed out, for example, that the celebration of racial mixture through an ideology of mestizaje serves to distance Afro-Latinos from blackness through the process of blanqueamiento, or “whitening.” They have also highlighted the ways in which the idea of mestizaje is mobilized as evidence for national ideologies of racial democracy that claim that because the majority of the population is mixed, “race” and racism are almost nonexistent in these societies (cf. Betances 1972; Hanchard 1994; Sawyer 2006; Telles 2004; Wade 1997).” (Godreau, et. al., 2008, p. 2)
It seems fitting to emphasize that the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture is responsible for deeming the black African the third and last component of the Puerto Rican concoction.
The statue of the “BORICUA” embodies the whitening of Latinx African ascendancy, and supports the claim of a harmonious mix that ends in a perfectly homogenized utopian identity. The group of statues and the accompanying plaque perpetuate the erasure of black identities on the Island and the fetishization of their Black working bodies. Moreover, they underplay the violent nature that was and is colonization, belittling the brutality that Indigenous and black people -- and indigenous and black women specifically – faced and continue to confront due to colonialism and its racist and misogynist ideology. Fully clad and racially ambiguous, the “BORICUA” denies and oversimplifies the formation of el pueblo puerorriqueño and emphasizes the whitened and thus “acceptable” traits of our roots. Puerto Rican cultural and national identity cannot be explained in a formulaic fashion, and thus this monument falls short in its attempt to synthesize such an open-ended process.
Referencias y lecturas sugeridas / References and suggested readings
Cruz-Janzen, Marta I. “Out of the Closet: Racial Amnesia, Avoidance, and Denial - Racism among Puerto Ricans.” Race, Gender & Class, vol. 10, no. 3, 2003, pp. 64–81. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41675088.
Roman, I. (2002). “Color denial: In Puerto Rico, if you are Black stay back.” Orlando Sentinel.
Godreau, I. P., Reyes Cruz, M., Franco Ortiz, M., & Cuadrado, S. (2008). The lessons of slavery: Discourses of slavery, mestizaje, and blanqueamiento in an elementary school in Puerto Rico. American Ethnologist, 35(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00009.x