La fuente (plaza) de la herencia de las américas / the fountain (plaza) of the heritage of the americas - San Juan, Puerto RIco
the fountain (plaza) of the heritage of the americas, san juan, pr
Description
The fuente (plaza) de la herencia de las Américas (The fountain of the heritage of the Americas) consists of five sculptural groups located in the Paseo de la Princesa in Old San Juan. They were sculpted by José Buscaglia Guillermety between 1975 and 1976 yet we do not know when they were erected. The statue known as La herencia de la fe (The heritage of faith) “represents the spiritual conquest of America. Two monks implant the cross in the new world, symbolizing the Christianization of America.” In La herencia de la libertad (The heritage of liberty) “liberty is represented by the heroic woman who is lead and accompanied by man, symbol of the will of the people.” La herencia de la sangre (The heritage of blood) represents “the integration of the three principal races of America symbolized by Ponce de León, Agüeybana’s sister and the black African that later made its ethno-cultural contribution to the New World.” In La herencia social (The social heritage) “the Iberian priestess, symbolic mother of the new world and the Spanish conquistador present their creole-son to the world.” The priestess emulates the Dama del Elche (Lady of Elche), an Iberian sculpture from the fourth century BCE. Lastly, there is La herencia de los valores culturales (The heritage of cultural values) which “symbolizes the most elevated manifestations of the human spirit, represented in the five major arts, architecture, paint, sculpture, music and literature.” The plaque of the monument includes the following poem which encapsulates “the prophetic voice of the fountain” that was never constructed, but nonetheless continues to figure into the monuments name, The fountain of the heritage of the Americas:
I WILL RUN LIKE RIVERS TO THE HEART OF THE WORLD TO NURTURE YOUR HERITAGE
WITH MY FAITH MY BLOOD MY INTELLECT AND MY ANCESTRAL ORIGIN
IN THE NAME OF GOD-ALLMIGHTY I TOOK THESE LANDS
TO LATER DEDICATE THEM TO THE DIVINE BEGINNING
THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL
TO THE SHELTER OF AN ARAHUACAN CANEY (INDIGENOUS HOUSE), EUROPE AND AFRICA GAVE THEIR BLOOD
AND FROM HISPANIC MATERNITY HER TRADITION YOU INHERIT
TO YOU I BEQUEATH THE MOST NOBLE OF THE OLD AND NEW WORLD
THE FUTURE LOOKS TO YOU FOR ITS KEY TO THE FUTURE
Context
We have not been able to identify when this monument was erected but the statues were sculpted between 1975 and 1976. The monument was designed by prominent figures of Puerto Rico’s cultural elite such as artist and historian Dr. Osiris Delgado, Washington Llorens, and Aurelio Tio. Two of the most powerful and rich families on the Island appear as patrons through their respective foundation; the Fonalledas Foundation and the Ferré Foundation. The former is clearly linked to the Republican Party of the United States and to the local pro-statehood New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico, while the latter are the descendants of Puerto Rico’s first pro-statehood Governor, Luis A. Ferré.
Critique
The monument was built with the sponsorship of diverse ideological factions of the island. Not only was the monument backed by supporters of statehood and commonwealth political status, but it was sculpted by José Buscaglia Guillermety, a pro-independence (and possibly nationalist) sculptor. The monument reproduces the discourse of harmonious mixture or mestizaje established by the PPD and the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture (ICP) in the 1950s. During this time, Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rico’s first elected Governor (1949-1965), attempted to define Puerto Rican identity as the mixture of Taínos, Spanish, and Africans in order to strengthen the recently established Estado Libre Asociado (Commonwealth) of Puerto Rico. The narrative of harmonious mixture created the illusion of peaceful consensus that the PPD needed to legitimize the newly founded “sovereignty” it had gained in relation to the United States, while at the same distinguishing Puerto Ricans as a separate nation.
Various authors have pointed out that the discourse of mestizaje promoted by the ICP and its president, Don Ricardo Alegría, obfuscated blackness and turn it into a relic of the past, a fading and diluted feature of a predominantly white Puerto Rican identity (Dávila, 1997; Godreau, 2015; Godreau et al., 2008; Jiménez Román, 2019[2001]; Lloréns and Carrasquillo, 2008; Géliga Vargas et al., 2007). The discourse of mestizaje conceals the violence and genocide of the conquest and colonization of the Americas in favor of a benevolent narrative of collaboration. Alegría’s own words reflect this process:
Many people mocked us, for the first time they saw the negro equated with the other two races; during that time, it garnered a lot of attention. In Puerto Rico it was very common to speak of Spanish heritage, they forgot about the other two ingredients. But I had an anthropological formation and saw it in a different way. Our nationality is a product of five centuries of mestizaje between the Indian, the white Spaniard and the negro. Each one contributes. The Taino’s footprint is less, it is of a biological and cultural nature; the negro contributes the richness with his work and the Spaniard contributes a more complex and elaborate culture. All three harmoniously integrate together. A Puerto Rican can be blond and white, but his culture also possesses an African root. (Hernández, 2002, p. 171)
Celebrating blackness in the 1950s was without a doubt a subversive act and as Alegría stated, it turned a lot of heads. Nonetheless, nowadays this discourse falls short and the monuments to mestizaje in Puerto Rico (we have identified 9 so far) fetishize blackness and render it a complimentary piece to a predominantly white identity. By creating the illusion of racial harmony and equality, they conceal not only past injustices but also present-day systemic racism. It downplays the need for generating possibly uncomfortable but necessary dialogue, and seeking reconciliation and real social justice, instead of resting on the purely symbolic.
The heritage of faith presents the Christianization of Puerto Rico as an achievement equivalent to the arts of The heritage of cultural values and the liberty of The heritage of liberty which are found on the same pedestal. In this last one we see a man “symbol of the will of the people” guiding a woman, symbol of liberty. The will of the people and the direction which female freedom should take is determined by the masculine populace. This patriarchal perspective can also be seen in The social heritage and in the poem that appears on the plaque (reproduced above) since both clearly present Spain as Americas’ motherland. In The heritage of blood, the male figure is Juan Ponce de León, conqueror and colonizer of Puerto Rico, yet the woman is merely referred to as the chief or cacique Agueybana’s sister. The majority of Puerto Ricans know that her true name is Guanina since her story is part of popular folklore and is taught in schools throughout the Island. The fact that they chose Guanina is quite revealing as she represents Spanish fidelity and Hispanic appreciation. Guanina did not participate in the Taíno rebellion of 1511 and she refused to betray her husband and Spanish captor, Cristóbal de Sotomayor, culminating in her transmutation into a tree as she refused to abandon his slain body. In the English translation of this statue provided by Buscaglia on his official website, he mentions the guaitiao, a ceremony between caciques where leaders exchanged names to symbolize peace, collaboration and a new alliance. Thus, The heritage of blood projects mestizaje as a collaboration between equal civilizations who consensually agreed to exchange cultures. As can be seen in the majority of monuments to mestizaje, the Taíno element is commonly represented through a female body in order to highlight Puerto Rico’s maternal indigenous root, thus evoking peace and endearment, qualities commonly associated with the Taínos by chroniclers and historians.
In The heritage of blood the African root is represented by a black anonymous child. This suggests that blackness is the third sequential root which came after the Taíno and Spanish parts of identity. This also suggests that the African element is less developed and mature. In almost every monument to mestizaje in Puerto Rico we can clearly see the notion that the Spaniards introduced civilization, and this monument is no exception as it privileges Hispanic heritage. The social heritage presents the creole child to the world , the child born in the Americas, as the son of a conquistador and an Iberian priestess. In fact, on Buscaglia’s official website he translates this statue as Hispanic heritage instead of literally as The social heritage. While on one side of the plaza we can appreciate The heritage of blood and the script of mestizaje dominated by the figure of Ponce de León, Hispanic heritage (The social heritage) abandons the harmonious mixture and defines the creole as a white male Spaniard. While culturally Puerto Ricans are depicted as a mixture, racially they are the sons (and daughters) of Spain. The priestess is undoubtedly influence by the Dama de Elche, a Fourth century sculpture of the Iberian People who inhabited the peninsula before its Roman conquest. The utilization of this important pre-Romanic and pre-Christian Spanish symbol suggests that the roots of Puerto Rican are much deeper than Hispania. Our ancestral legacy extends far beyond 1492 and the Spain of the Catholic Kings and into antiquity. This legacy thus commences in ancient times and reaches the Enlightenment since Buscaglia’s The heritage of liberty represents democratic freedom and the flourishment “in American soil of the liberal ideas of the European age of Enlightenment.”
Of the five sculptural groups found in this monument, four clearly privilege the Spanish root of our collective identity. The support provided by various political and ideological sectors to this Eurocentric conception of Caribbean identity demonstrates that hispanophilia and Eurocentrism constitute a common denominator among local elites. Defenders of independence, statehood, and commonwealth statuses all converge in celebrating Puerto Rican identity as predominantly Spanish with minor Taíno and African elements diluted into its blend. Pro-commonwealth Governor Rafael Hernández Colón (1973-1977, 1985-1993) summed it up perfectly in 1992:
The truth is that society that exists today in the Antilles has been to a great extent inherited through Spanish heritage. The natives were practically erased from the census, and the Africans that followed were assimilated almost completely by the dominating culture. So in no way can we, the Puerto Ricans, vindicate that rhetorical ascription to a remote American Indian past or to Africanism, even if they are a valuable component of our nation al identity. Whichever may be the color of our skin, the sign of our culture-language, religion, perceptions, and idiosyncrasy-is Spanish. (cited and translated by Godreau, 2015, p. 127) We should exhibit great interest in deciphering the cultural codes of those residents, but the reasonable adamancy with which we need to approximate that history, should resemble that of the Spaniards who excavate the Mediterranean coast in search of the fabulous kingdom of Tartessos. It would be as incongruent for a modern day Spaniard to search for his roots in the unknown cultures of the Iberians, or in the rupestrian paintings of Altamira, as it would be for us to gaze emotionally and patriotically at petroglyphs in Utuado. (Hernández Colón, 1992, pp. 2-3, translation my own)
Hernández Colón declares that Puerto Rico is predominantly Spanish, and he rejects the search for our identity in an Indigenous and African past since these groups were either “erased” or “assimilated almost completely.” Ironically The Plaza of the heritage of the Americas represents the motherland utilizing ancient European symbols, thus demonstrating how many continue to search for our “roots in the unknown cultures of the Iberians.” Though we agree with the exgovernors rejection of the search for ancestral origins, his monolithic, hispanophile, and simplistic appreciation, along with the monument we have just discussed, reflect the dominant ideology of his party and of elites in Puerto Rico. They attempt to define and encapsulate something that should forever remain undefinable and incomplete.
Referencias y lecturas sugeridas / References and further readings
https://www.icp.pr.gov/emblema/
http://www.josebuscaglia.com/plaza.americas.html
https://centroca.hunter.cuny.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/20386
https://www.culturagenial.com/es/la-dama-de-elche/
http://www.rafaelhernandezcolon.org/mensajes/Mensajes1988TomoI.pdf
Dávila, A. (2019 [2001]). Local/diasporic Taínos: Towards a cultural politics of memory, reality and imagery. In G. Haslip-Viera (Ed.) Taíno revival: Critical perspectives on Puerto Rican identity and cultural politics (33-54). Markus Wiener Publishers.
Dávila, Arlene. (1997). Sponsored identities: Cultural politics in Puerto Rico. Temple University Press.
Géliga Vargas, J. A. (2011). Afro-Puerto Rican oral histories: A disruptive collaboration. Collaborative Anthropologies, 4(1), 90–118. https://doi.org/10.1353/cla.2011.0003
Géliga Vargas, J. Rosas Nazario, I., and Delgado Hernández, T. (2007). Testimonios afropuertorriqueños: Using oral history to (re)write race in contemporary Puerto Rico. Sargasso 1: pp. 115-130.
Godreau, I. (2015) Scripts of blackness: race, cultural nationalism, and U.S. colonialism in Puerto Rico. University of Illinois Press.
Godreau, I. P., Reyes Cruz, M., Franco Ortiz, M., & Cuadrado, S. (2008). The lessons of slavery: Discourses of slavery, mestizaje, and blanqueamiento in an elementary school in Puerto Rico. American Ethnologist, 35(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00009.x
González, J. L. (1980). El país de cuatro pisos y otros ensayos. Ediciones Huracán.
Hernández, C. D. (2002). Ricardo Alegría: Una vida. Editorial Plaza Mayor.
Hernández Colón, R. (1988). Mensajes: Hon. Rafael Hernández Colón, Gobernador del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Tomo I.
Jiménez Román, M. (2019 [2001]). The Indians are coming! The Indians are coming!: The Taíno and Puerto Rican identity. In G. Haslip-Viera (Ed.) Taíno revival: Critical perspectives on Puerto Rican identity and cultural politics (101-138). Markus Wiener Publishers.
Lloréns, H., & Carrasquillo, R. E. (2008). Sculpting blackness: Representations of black-Puerto Ricans in public art. Visual Anthropology Review, 24(2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-7458.2008.00008.x
Torres, A. (1998). La gran familia puertorriqueña ‘ej prieta de beldá’ (The great Puerto Rican family is really black). In A. Torres and N. Whitten (Ed.), Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean: Eastern South America and the Caribbean, pp. 286-306. Indiana University Press.